Confucius Essays (3019 words) - Confucianism, Confucius, De

Confucius As Confucius' philosophy still remains in the heart of many Chinese people. His images of the greatest professional teacher of all time, the greatest philosopher in Chinese history and his influence toward the future and the past 2000 years of Chinese civilization has made his thought the essence of the Chinese culture. He always said the importance of teaching could change the future of the civilization. And he also encouraged his students to explore the various things to learn, but be very selective and careful. The purpose of Confucius' teaching was practical and designed to help each person improve his character and conduct, and perhaps become prepared for an official position in the court. According to one passage in the Analects, Confucius taught four things: culture, conduct, loyalty, and truthfulness.1 Culture consisted of literature and music. Confucius suggested the value of each: Let a man be stimulated by poetry, established in character by the rules of propriety, and perfected by music.2 These pursuits were means by which one may achieve the higher ideal of following the Way. The gentleman extensively studies literature and restrains himself with the rules of propriety. Thus he will not violate the Way.3 And also Set your heart upon the Way. Support yourself by its virtue. Rely on goodness. Find recreation in the arts.4 Confucius put the moral duties before the arts as the essential activities of the gentleman. A young man's duty is to behave well to his parents at home and to in love to all, and to cultivate the friendship of the good. If, when all that is done, he has any energy to spare, then let him study the cultural arts.5 Confucius taught many topics around these subjects, but the most importance of these is the propriety, ritual and the Way of being a Gentleman. From these to achieve the Jen. Confucius had one overwhelming message: if we are to achieve a state of orderliness and peace, we need to return to traditional values of virtue. These values are based entirely on one concept: Jen, which is best, translated as humaneness. This humaneness is a relatively strange concept to Western people, because it is not primarily a practicable virtue. The rules of propriety offered a code of accepted behaviour that demonstrated to themselves and others that they were cultured and proper gentlemen. For Confucius, the gentleman knew and behaved according to the rules of propriety. In the first chapter of Analects, Yu-Tzu gives the value of the rules of propriety. Among the functions of propriety the most valuable is that it establishes harmony. The Way of the ancient kings from this harmony got its beauty. It is the guiding principle of all things great and small. If things go amiss, and he who knows the harmony tries to achieve it without regulating it by the rules of propriety, they will still go amiss.6 Confucius explains what can happen if conduct is not guided by propriety. Courtesy not bounded by the rules of propriety becomes tiresome. Caution not bounded by the rules of propriety becomes timidity, daring becomes insubordination, straightforwardness becomes rudeness.7 Nevertheless, Confucius did not believe in over-wallowing in ceremonies, and the feelings should be proper to the situations. In ceremonies it is better to be sparing than extravagant. Funeral ceremonies should be observed in deep sorrow rather than in fear.8 By the same mean, When substance, one becomes pedantic. When substance and refinement are properly blended, then one is a gentleman.9 Confucius knew that the ancient routes had been reduced in his time, and that such reduction was politic. Were anyone today to serve his prince according to the full rules of propriety he would be thought a sycophant.10 Many Confucius' students were interest to become officials in government and so as Confucius himself, wanted the opportunity to advise rulers. His aim is to put his knowledge into practice. A man may be able to recite the three hundred Odes; but, if when given a post in the government, he does not know how to act, or when sent on a mission to far parts he cannot answer specific questions, however extensive his knowledge may be, of what use is it to him.11

College Essay Writing

College Essay Writing College Essay Writing To sum up, the introductory paragraph briefly outlines the topic, methodology, and structure of good college essay. In order to check whether you have written an informative introductory paragraph, you should ask yourself the following questions: "What" is the essay all about? "How," i.e., with what method, do I approach the college essay topic? "When" in the course of the essay am I dealing with subtopics? If you are able to answer the questions "what," "how," and "when" while reading college essay introduction, you definitely have a thesis statement which informs an essay reader about the choice of your subject matter, your methodological approach, and the sequence of arguments. If you are not self-reliant and you are not sure that you can write your English college essay, it may be a good idea to take advantages of college essay online help! In this case, professional online college essay help is appropriate for students who lack profound writing skills and have no time. College Paper Writing Every subsequent paragraph or section of the main part of your essay should be a self-contained argument that develops one particular aspect of the general topic. It is crucial for every paragraph to have a topic sentence which highlights the main idea of the paragraph and establishes a connection with the overall topic of the college essay writing (i.e., the thesis statement). The proper placement of a paragraph within the structure of the entire English essay is equally important. The sequence of the individual paragraphs should be logical and comply with the sequence of argumentation that you established in your "road map." Writing College Essay Smoothly leading the essay reader through your arguments, you ensure the logic of your college essay. One of the cornerstones of lucid writing is general single-sentence paragraphs. If every sentence of your academic essay forms a paragraph of its own, you have to improve the organization and logical structure of your text. This can be achieved by uniting single sentences into units of thought with identifiable topic sentences. 1 Does the paragraph develop a single, coherent aspect of the overall topic or argument? 2 Does the paragraph begin and end with smooth transitions? 3 Is the paragraph positioned correctly within the English college essay? You are welcome to order professional custom essay writing help on our site! We will deliver custom written college essay prior to deadline. We guarantee unlimited revisions and free plagiarism report. Do not miss this chance to improve your grades on college essays without any efforts. In addition, you may order professional essay editing services and get a polished paper in a couple of hours! Read also: Free Essay Editing Essay Company Need a Professional Essay Editing Essay Service Write My Essay for Me

How did the experiences of African American soldiers during World War Research Paper

How did the experiences of African American soldiers during World War 2, and new (American) legislations lead to the Civil Right - Research Paper Example It was in 1955 that the African American Civil Right Movement took place in the United States to remove the barriers which stopped the African Americans from doing things. In other words it was fought to retain the rights of these blacks so that they could integrate into the American society. The problems which led to Civil Rights Movement of 1955 rooted from the experiences of the African American soldiers during the World War II. These problems quickly began to rise and led to the formation of groups in the society. Thus the society became segregated to give way to a civil rights movement launched by the blacks. This essay would further revolve around the problems that gave way to the civil rights movement in America.1 2 World War II In 1941 America entered the World War II to join the Allied forces against Japan and Germany. It was in these times that blacks did not even have the right to vote for the processes of election. The black children were not allowed into the schools of w hites and they were particularly segregated from the society into schools which were under funded by the government. The blacks also were segregated in every term of life including trains and buses. Courtesy was never used to address the blacks living in the society as it is for the whites. This type of discrimination was not only prevalent in the Southern America but was also prevalent in the north. The blacks were not able to rent out or buy places which they liked and even the trade unions did not accept the membership of the blacks. This was not only prevalent in the precinct of the city but it was also prevalent on the battle zone. It was seen that the armed forces had a segregated unit for the blacks where they had to operate by themselves. These blacks were not even allowed in major segments of Navy and this brought discontent amongst the soldiers. All these conditions led to the worsening of conditions of the blacks and they served in the army only to attain their rights in the country. The blacks believed that if they fought for their country they would be able to gain the right of equal citizenship. They also believed that they would get rights to work for employers who previously did not hire them because of the policies of segregation3 4 5. The blacks compared their condition to the condition of the Germans who faced racism at the hands of the Nazis during the war. The blacks believed that it was World War II which would help them retain their lost rights. Racial discrimination during the war was never considered to be a big problem by the whites. The blacks were considered to be unfit for the forces and were not allowed to enroll in the armed forces. Mostly these blacks were given duties in which they would support the forces rather than play an active role in the war. However after the World War II started the government was forced to engage the black individuals into combat and formed special units for them. But here again the segregation polici es were not left out and the blacks were given specific units through which they had to operate. No black was integrated into the forces of whites as they were considered to be superior. Harry Truman in 1948 passed an act to integrate the blacks with the whites but this was still not successful until 1953 when the Korean War started. Furthermore the blacks were not allowed at authoritative positions in the military up till the 1960s after which they

Development Of Cities Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Development Of Cities - Assignment Example Through this development, the region became an early center of civilization. Rivers among other geographical features played a very important role in consolidating people together so that they could engage in economic activities. According to Robert Braidwood, â€Å"most historians and anthropologists point to agricultural revolution†¦ as the central development in this transformation to civilization.† In another instance, the Nile was also a landmark geographical feature that facilitated early civilization in Egypt. The Hymn to the Nile provides first-hand information of how the Egyptians perceived the Nile and the relationship that their relationship with their deity. These aspects made people come together hence the development of the early centers of civilization.  Apart from geographical factors, other influential factors made it possible for early civilization to be achieved. The political leadership played a pivotal role in the consolidating people together for a common objective. This can be viewed through the modern management systems, organizations that have good management are able to outdo those that are mismanaged. For example in Egypt, the Pharaoh was a very influential leader in this early center of civilization. As documented in the Hymn to the Pharaoh, the people demonstrated allegiance and commitment to their leadership. They heaped praise and demonstrated their contentment to the pharaoh through the hymn. The artwork has revealed several of the ancient civilizations. For example, ‘The Royal Standard of Ur’ helps in realizing that aspects of peace and war dominated in the course of early civilization. The availability of peace is an indicator that people will have the freedom to live whatever they wanted and do whatever pleased them.  

The Authority of the Secretary-General to Prosecute Peacekeepers Essay - 1

The Authority of the Secretary-General to Prosecute Peacekeepers - Essay Example Additionally, the literature will discuss briefly how peacekeepers may be prosecuted before the ICC. The process of waiving-off of peacekeepers’ immunity by the Secretary-General to promote their prosecution will also be analysed. Olivera Simic in 2009,1 in the journal article â€Å"Rethinking ‘sexual exploitation’ in UN peacekeeping operations† explains the term sexual exploitation and how it is confusing to researchers. The article also takes into consideration various sexual exploitation cases related to several peacekeeping missions. She argued that the term â€Å"sexual exploitation† might cover activity that is not necessarily â€Å"sexually exploitative†. However, she mainly focuses on the type of crimes and also mentions the ‘zero tolerance policy’; completely omitting the notion of prosecution and punishment of the criminals. Gabrielle Simm in 2011,2 in his article â€Å"International law as a regulatory framework for sexual crimes committed by peacekeepers† discussed the jurisdiction over peacekeepers and the responsibility of states and international organizations in relation to crimes of peacekeepers, and how their possess immunity that prevents judicial action against them. Therefore, he argued that â€Å"international law’s strength lies in standard setting, but some of its standards are problematic, and it is weak in both monitoring and enforcement mechanisms†. He also pointed out that immunity can be waived-off by the Secretary-General. However, there are no special criteria to waive the immunity of peacekeepers or to prosecute them. Although Nigel D. White and Sorcha MacLeod 3 stated that immunity should be waived when crimes result from non-official tasks; this is considered against Section 20 of the 1946 Convention that grants the Secretary-General the right to waive a peac ekeepers’ immunity when he feel it is necessary. In 2012, Melanie OBrien4

Strategically Evaluate The Accor Expansion Plan Tourism Essay

Strategically Evaluate The Accor Expansion Plan Tourism Essay The author has to strategically evaluate Accors expansion plan of adding 10,000 rooms per annum in total during two years (2007-2008) in both established market chosen as United States of America and emerging market chosen as China. The author will also review the marketing, financial strategies that Accor has adopted in these markets till now and then suggest future strategies to expand in these markets. The author will also be suggesting about the brand that Accor should look forward to expand. Accor  is a large  French  multinational corporation operating in nearly 90 countries and Accor Hospitality, the Accor hotels branch, has more than 4,000 hotels worldwide. It starts from the most luxurious hotels to the most economic lodging solution. Under its belt there are brands like sofitel, novotel, mercure, ibis, red roof inns, etap, motel 6, studio 6 and formule 1. The group is looking to expand its hotel business in an established (USA) and establishing (China) market by adding 20,000 rooms over the period of two years. The author has to strategically evaluate and make suggestions to the group. With a corporate representation throughout the world, Accor Hotels have become one of the largest players in the industry. It is an intricate organisation with multiple brands and qualifications of hotels, as well as supplementary products and services. Accor finds it important to incorporate the small and medium-sized hotels in managing customers needs and requests as they are the direct link to the customers. Accor  is a large  French  multinational corporation operating in nearly 90 countries. Accor is the European leader in hotels (Accor Hospitality) and a global leader in corporate services (Accor Services). Accor Hospitality, the Accor hotels branch, has more than 4,000 hotels worldwide. It starts from the most luxurious hotels to the most economic lodging solution. (Reference: http://www.fundinguniverse.com) Aims Objectives: This report aims to develop international expansion plans for Accor in established and emerging market in the given span of time during the year 2007-2008. The objective is to provide rationale for the selection of markets, and propose branding, finance, and marketing strategy to the Board of ACCOR to add an additional 10,000 rooms per annum across both established markets (Europe, including France and North America) and other areas of the world (Latin America, Africa, Middle East and Asia/Pacific). Research Methodology: This report is based on the case study for the ACCOR group of hotels which is from the module study guide and is a piece of research by the The Centre for Hospitality Research at Cornell University. The various secondary sources accessed have been as following: internet, journals, professional reports, government reports and others to produce data for the targeted markets. In 1967 Gà ©rard Pelisson and Paul Dubrule opened their first Novotel hotel on a roadside near Lille in northern France. Travel was booming in France in the 1960s and the hotel industry had not yet expanded to meet the demand. French hotels, in general, were either rural inns or luxury hotels in city centers. Dubrule decided to build American-style highway hotels in the medium price range and collaborated with Pelisson, a former head of market research at IBM-Europe. Through Pelissons connections the partners were able to secure a bank loan, and the Novotel firm was launched. The companys ensuing success was in large part due to its being first to break into the unexploited European market for highway lodging. Each Novotel provided standardized rooms, ample parking facilities, and restaurants featuring local cuisine. Soon Novotels also were established at airports and popular vacation sites, such as the seaside and mountain areas. The acquisition of the Mercure hotel chain in 1975 pushed the company into metropolitan areas and the business traveler market, and these hotels varied according to regional demands in style, character, and restaurant offerings. By the end of the 1970s Novotel had become the premier hotel chain in Europe with 240 establishments in Europe, Africa, South America, and the Far East. Accors brand worldwide Formule1 Lowest rates on the market. Functional room for one, Two or three people. All-you-can-eat breakfast buffet. Round-the-clock check-in. Etap Pleasant convenient room for one, two or three people. Budget price. All-you-can-eat breakfast buffet. Round-the-clock check-in. Motel 6 The lowest price of any national chain. Red Roof Inn Renovated product. Low rates. Comfortable beds. RediCard Preferred Member loyalty program. Ibis Simple, reliable pricing policy. Always very well situated, in city centres, close to airports or near major tourist or business areas. Service quality (ISO 9001 certification and 15-minute satisfaction guarantee). Environmentally friendly waste, water and energy management systems. Teams on duty around the clock. Breakfast served from 4:00 a.m. to noon. Hot snacks available at any time. Mercure Shared values, such as a strong regional focus, a unique personality and an exceptional wine list. For business and leisure stays, in city centres, at the seaside or in the mountains. Novotel Open spaces featuring contemporary design, for rest and relaxation. Bright, spacious, pleasant rooms where guests can work or unwind in a comfortable setting. Customers can eat whatever, whenever and wherever they want. Offers adapted to the needs of all travellers. Suite Hotel Innovative, modern concept. 30-square-meter modular suites. With Boutique Gourmand, food can be purchased around the clock in the hotel lobby. Free relaxing massage every Thursday evening. The longer the stay, the lower the price. Smart cars made available free-of-charge to medium-stay customers. Sofitel Prime locations in leading business centres and resorts. Each hotel is unique in its design, architecture and culture. Sofitels exclusive MyBed concept, the guarantee of a good nights sleep. Restaurants offering innovative, contemporary cuisine that surprises diners, awakening their senses and stirring their emotions. Hotel Distribution Worldwide Accor has its 4,000 hotels in 90 countries. It has its presence all seven continents and in all mojor cities. (Reference: www.accorhotels.com) Europe Africa Asia Australia North America Andorra Algeria Cambodia Australia Canada Austria Benin China Fiji Islands Mexico Belgium Burkina Faso India French Polynesia USA Bulgaria Burundi Indonesia New Zealand Cyprus Cameroun Japan Norfolk Island Czech Republic Chad Laos France Egypt Malaysia Germany Equatorial Guinea Philippines Greece Gabon Singapore Hungary Ghana South Korea Ireland Guinea Thailand Italy Ivory Coast Vietnam Lithuania Mauritania Luxembourg Mauritius Monaco Morocco Netherlands Nigeria Poland Reunion Portugal Rwanda Romania Senegal Russia South Africa Spain Tunisia Development strategy Accors hotel business has continued its sustained pace of development. Most importantly, they devised a new, more efficient business model based on two foundations: Stronger brands those are now more visible, more attractive and more strategically aligned. An asset right real estate strategy, which consists of adapting operating structures to the profile of each country and market segment. Pelisson and Dubrule developed their expanding company with a decentralized management and a unique dual chairmanship. Although to comply with French law the partners took turns holding the official position of chairman, they made all decisions jointly and shared responsibilities, immersing themselves in all aspects of the business. The companys specialty became variety, providing hotel chains to fit every need. In 1973 Sphere S.A. was created as a holding company for a new chain of two-star, no-frills hotels, called Ibis; the first Ibis was opened the following year. During this time, the company also acquired Courte Paille, a chain of roadside steakhouses founded in 1961, which reflected many of the same priorities as Novotel: practicality, easy parking, consistent quality, and quick service. (Reference: http://www.fundinguniverse.com) Accor expanded at a far swifter rate than its international rivals, becoming the largest operator in Europe. It led the market in France and West Germany, and expanded in the medium and economy range in Spain, Italy, and Britain with its $75 million investment budget. The companys European base provided three-quarters of its revenue, with more than half coming from hotels and the rest from its foodservices. (Reference: http://www.fundinguniverse.com) In 1997, Dubrule and Pelisson decided to retire from active management and were succeeded by Jean-Marc Espalioux. Espaliouxs new management team focussed on relocating Accors cash. In an effort, to deleverage themselves and free resources to provide for expansion, Accor disposed of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬3 billion of real estate assets as part of a sale and leaseback programme. (Reference: http://www.fundinguniverse.com) Business Mix Accor S.A. operates in hotels and services sector worldwide. It provides luxury and upscale, midscale, and economy hotel services. It also designs, develops, and manages prepaid solutions, including food vouchers, welfare and assistance programs, family assistance solutions, gift vouchers and cards, loyalty programs and incentive campaigns, and expense management services to corporate clients and public institutions. In addition, the company operates restaurants and casinos, as well as provides onboard train services to the railway sector. Accor was incorporated in 1960 and is headquartered in Evry, France. Financial Performance Profit before tax rose to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬727 million in 2005, an all-time record, and the Groups balance sheet was more solid than ever. Based on these results, shareholders will be asked to approve an ordinary dividend of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1.45 per share, a 26.1% increase, plus an exceptional dividend of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1.50 per share, representing a total payout of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬320 million. This dividend policy is accompanied by a share buyback program that has had a positive effect on earnings per share. (Reference: www.accorhotels.com) Accors 2006 results were excellent, as can be seen in three key figures: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Revenue rose by 6.6%, the biggest increase since 1998. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Profit before tax rose by 28% to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬727 million, a record. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ EBITDAR margin, at 27.4%, was our highest ever. These figures prove that Accor is developing fast and enjoying very good financial health, as illustrated by their low level of debt. Another reason for satisfaction is that these improved results concern both the Services and the Hotels businesses. For the year, revenue was up 15.5% in Services and 6.1% in Hotels. And, if 2006 was a very good year, the outlook for 2007 is also very encouraging. With the two businesses growth potential, the economic turnaround (especially in Europe with the upturn in the hotel cycle) and the emerging markets of China and India, they have every reason to be optimistic. For 2007, Accor is on track to step up the pace of growth, with the goal of adding 200,000 rooms by 2008. (Reference: www.accorhotels.com) Strategy Very quickly too, it became apparent that there was a need for a clearer strategy that would enable the Group to more accurately identify its development priorities and, more importantly, focus its managerial and financial resources. In addition to this two-pronged strategic shift, senior management, under the leadership of Gilles Pà ©lisson, outlined a sustained expansion strategy combining acquisitions, notably in the Services business, and stepped up organic growth in the Hotels business with the opening of 200,000 new rooms between 2006 and 2010, especially in China, India and other fast-growing regions. Redefining the market positioning of the brands also made it necessary to reposition the Sofitel brand and create a new non-standardized banner in the economy segment, All Seasons. The brand strategy has led to a shift away from the Accor corporate banner toward the operating brands. Accor focuses repeatedly on a specific vision for growth and believes in sustainable, profitable growth through three pillars: A geographically and structurally balanced portfolio A disciplined, and results-oriented management of resources and assets A set of powerful, aligned brands (Ref: case study) The Right Approach became Accors strategic vision of its Hotels division focussed on making Accors Hotels business more profitable, less cyclical and well appreciated by its clients: To achieve these goals, five levers drive the Right Approach: Align the brand portfolio with customer expectations (The Right Brands) Redefine the networks around this brand portfolio (The Right Network) Improve hotel operating performance in the reconfigured business base (The Right Operating Performance) Adapt hotel operating structures to improve return on capital employed and reduce cash-flow volatility (The Right Asset Management) Shift the corporate culture to deliver the best value-added services to hotel owners (The Right Service Provider). Ownership Structure For the lower and mid segment hotels Accor can consider giving franchises or entering in joint ventures. However, for the high end segment hotels like sofitel and novotel, Accor should maintain ownership approach as these properties have higher profit sensitivity. In 2003, Accor opened 10 new properties under these brands, and they owned or leased these new properties. Accor should have less capital-intensive operating structures, which is a key to their success, especially in economically sensitive countries. While Accor owns and leases some properties, they also look to management contracts and franchising. (Reference: case study) Developed Market For the developed market the author has chosen three developed markets from which one will be shortlisted after the analyses. The author has chosen UK, France and USA as its markets for analysis. Accor has great presence in all the three markets. Accor has 125 hotels in UK mainly in the mid-segment. The demand for mid-segment hotels in the UK is strong and most of the Accor hotels are doing well. However, UK is not a big market compared to the US for Accor. Accor already has a good presence in the European market and hence there is limited scope of expansion. Similarly, in France Accor have a staggering number of hotels and resorts in all segments. It also has a lot of services in France. It has its strongest presence in France considering the size of France to the UK and the US. Accor already has a very good presence in France in all the segments. Hence it has little scope for growth. In the USA, Accor has motel 6 and studio 6. It is also present in the upscale market. However, it still has a large scope for expansion in all the segments as the US market is so vast and diverse. Therefore, in the developed markets, the author has shortlisted the US market for the addition of 10,000 rooms in the year 2007-08. Developing Market Like the developed market the author will choose three developing markets and shortlist one of them for the analysis. The developing markets are India, China and South Korea. South Korea is relatively a small country and the economic growth is not impressive enough for Accor to add 10,000 rooms in this market. Accor entered the Indian market in the early 80s and failed miserably. Accor has few operational hotels in India mainly business hotels. However, the political system in India is somewhat chaotic as compared to China. The third market chosen is China. China is a huge country in terms of land and is the fastest growing economy in the world. It has a stable government and its foreign policies towards the hospitality industry are very friendly. Therefore, the author has shortlisted China as its developing market. ESTABLISHED MARKET (USA) _______________________________________________________ Rationale The United States of America (commonly referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km ²) and with about 305 million people, the United States is the third largest country by total area and third largest by land area and by population. The United States is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the largest national economy in the world, with an estimated gross domestic product (GDP) of US$14.3 trillion (23% of the world total based on nominal GDP and almost 21% at purchasing power parity). (Reference: http://www.wikipedia.com) Geographical Location North America  is the northern  continent  of the  Americas,  situated in the  Earths  northern hemisphere  and almost totally in the  western hemisphere. It is bordered on the north by the  Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North  Atlantic Ocean, on the southeast by the  Caribbean Sea, and on the south and west by the North  Pacific Ocean;  South America  lies to the southeast. North America covers an  area  of about 24,709,000  square kilometres  (9,540,000  square miles), about 4.8% of the planets surface or about 16.5% of its land area. As of July 2008, its  population  was estimated at nearly 529 million people. It is the  third-largest  continent in area, following  Asia  and  Africa, and the fourth in population after Asia, Africa, and  Europe. (Reference: http://www.wikipedia.com) PESTLE Analysis Political A seldom-stated fact of life is that without political stability it is impossible to have economic progress. Until a nation has a stable political system in place, it is impossible for people to plan their lives, conduct business successfully and go about their daily routines with any hope for the future. The United States has enjoyed 135 years of political stability since the end of the Civil War. The United States is the oldest democratic republic. This is an incredible accomplishment. It is amazing that no other country has been able to copy the American system of government successfully. It is as if that system is uniquely suited to that single country. (Reference: http://www.wikipedia.com) With mass manufacturing long gone from America, hospiatality industry is one of the key generators of revenue. Hence the American government has given some concessions for the development and growth of the industry: Grant of Infrastructure Status for hotels Concession for Convention Centres Continuation of Concessions   Depreciation rate for hotel buildings Concession in Income Tax Act for the Hotel Industry (Reference: http://www.capitalmarket.com) Economical Fortunately for U.S. hotel owners and operators, actual RevPAR improvement through the first six months of 2004 has already reached 9.5 percent. Most encouraging was the 3.2 percent increase in ADR. Record-breaking growth rates for revenues and profits are certainly welcome news for U.S. hotel owners and operators. The industry leaders have forecasted growth in the coming years for hospitality industry in the USA. Also with backing of the US government the hospitality industry is believe to show good results in coming years. (Reference: http://www.wikipedia.com) Social The American population is comparatively young compared to other developed nations like Japan and Germany and a lot of young immigrant work force is also available in the country. Therefore, it is doubly beneficial for the hospitality industry, which is always on the lookout for young work force and customers. The American government safeguards the interests of its people through following agendas: the social inclusion process Coordination of social security schemes Anti-discrimination and relations with civil society Equality between women and men Social Agenda 2005-10 (Reference: http://www.childstats.gov) Technological The effective use of hospitality technology is one of the key factors in providing stellar customer service, since the proper implementation of this technology helps to ensure that key aspects of service are not accidentally forgotten or avoided. The hospitality sector in the US spent a total of $917 million in 2006 on RD activities, compared to $784 million in 2005. As the President outlined in his State of the Union Address, the ACI commits $5.9 billion in FY 2007 and more than $136 billion over 10 years to increase investments in research and development (RD), strengthen education, and encourage entrepreneurship and innovation. (Reference: http://www.capitalmarket.com) Legal The lobour laws in America are very stringent. Therefore, the hotel has to abide by the rules to avoid fines and getting into legal disputes. Some of the laws for the hospitality industry are as follows: Common Law System Right To Privacy American with Disabilities Act Safety and Security Food and Beverage Consumption Employment Workplace Contracts Travel and Tourism The international arrivals market for the United States has changed significantly since 2000. This goal of this analysis is to provide insights into changes affecting the top inbound markets to the U.S. The U.S. welcomed 56 million international visitors from 213 countries during 2006, up 10 percent from 2005. Total arrivals were also up 9 percent from 2000, the former record year for total non-resident visitation to the country. Arrival records were set by 72 countries, nine of which were among the top 20 inbound markets. Therefore, in 2007, the growth in arrivals was driven more from the emerging markets than the top arrival markets. Overseas arrivals (excluding Canada and Mexico) totalled 23.9 million during 2006, up 10 percent from 2005. Travel from overseas markets accounted for 43 percent of total arrivals to the U.S. and contributed significantly to the overall growth in international arrivals in 2007. Although overseas travel is rebounding from its low in 2003 it was down eight percent from its peak in 2000 (graph below). Fourteen of the top 20 overseas markets exceeded 2006 arrivals levels by double-digits: Germany, France, Australia, Brazil, Italy, India, PRC/HK, Spain, the Netherlands, Ireland, Venezuela, Colombia, Sweden and Israel. (Reference: http://www.travelstatistics.com) Economic Growth In real terms, Americas economy grew by 3.7 percent in 2006, faster than most other developed economies around the globe and faster than the historical U.S. growth rate, since 1970, of 3.2 percent. The overall level of GDP was $9.89 trillion (in 2000) when Bush was elected and $9.87 trillion in the third quarter of 2006. Exactly three years later, GDP is $10.88 trillion, a 10 percent real increase. To put that in perspective, just the growth of the U.S. economy over the past three years is larger than half of the entire French economy. (Reference: http://www.economicreform.com) Brand Selection Headquartered in Dallas (Carrollton), Texas, Accor North America operates more than 900 upscale and economy properties including nationwide economy leaders Studio 6 and Motel 6 and the upscale Sofitel and mid-scale Novotel and Ibis hotel locations in the U.S., Canada and Mexico. Its flagship chain, Motel 6, caters primarily to vacationing families in the US and Canada with a limited menu of amenities. Accors plan for the U.S. should focus on Motel 6, Studio 6, Sofitel and Novotel brands. The company should plan to grow Motel 6 and Studio 6 aggressively. Were working on new prototypes for both brands, Le Mener said. We intend to be very aggressive with a goal to develop 70 to 75 properties a year, Mener added. Novotel should follow the growth plan of Sofitel, which is to have properties only in the top 20 to 25 markets in the U.S. We see Novotel as an international network, he said. Business travellers and families on a vacation are looking for budget hotels as they want the cheapest mode of accommodation. Accor has a great presence in the low budget segment and therefore, it should continue to grow its hold in this segment. However, it should also look at growing in other segments of the market. This will help Accor in creating brand awareness and also increase its market share in the US. Accor in USA Brand Hotels Rooms Managed/Franchised Motel 6 815 85,421 127 Red Roof Inns 360 39,622 101 Studio 6 37 4,714 2 Sofitel 8 2,633 1 Novotel 6 1,835 3 Total 1,226 134,225 234 (Reference: http://www.accor.com) Financial Strategy Accor USA was struggling with manual account reconciliation that postponed month-end accounting for its growing number of properties. Department inefficiencies and error-prone manual processes caused delays with the identification of exceptions like missing and late deposits. High turnover at properties and reporting delays exposed the company to expensive losses with annual write-offs averaging $1.5 million. Accor USA had no process for escheatment and a 2004 audit resulted in $3 million dollars in penalties for unclaimed property that had not been filed with the appropriate states. (Reference: http://www.accor.com) Accor USA faces a lot of financial problems that cannot be sorted out in a matter of time. It has very less cash left to fund its operation in the USA. Although, the funds from operations increased 7% to $906 million in 2005, it still struggles to keep up. Capital expenditure for renovation and maintenance rose by nearly 15% to   $326 million during the year, and represented 4.5% of revenues, versus 4.2% in 2005. Free cash flow amounted to $580 million. (Reference: http://www.accor.com) As seen above, Accor USAs debt is decreasing and cash flows are increasing, therefore it should concentrate on the expansion programme as the cash flows increase. However, it should focus on economy hotels like Motel 6 and Studio 6 as they require less money. To fund these projects Accor can raise cash money from equity market and some from its operations. With its more substantial financial resources, Accor should step up the pace of growth and enjoy greater financial flexibility. The initial three-year (2005-2007) expansion budget has been increased by 39%, to EUR 1.7 billion from EUR 1.2 billion, to fund the development of various hotel projects in the U.S. (Reference: http://www.accor.com) To improve its financial flexibility, Accor should undertake an innovative real estate management strategy designed to meet two main objectives: Reduce capital intensity in upscale hotels. Variable holding costs in the midscale segment. In the upscale segment (Sofitel), Accor wants to sell the hotel properties while retaining the management contract, sometimes with a minority stake, in order to reduce earnings volatility in a segment that is more sensitive to business cycles. The objective is for 75% of all Sofitel units to be under management contract in 2006, versus 62% in 2004 and 52% in 2000. (Reference: http://www.accor.com) In midscale hotels, fixed leases are going to be transformed into variable leases based on a percentage of revenues with no minimum guaranteed.   One of the objectives is to variable a proportion of the hotels fixed costs. Marketing Strategy Accors big-spender approach has made it the arch-collector of brands, and some observers wonder whether the group can continue being all things to all people without diluting its focus. Nevertheless, its an approach that has established the French company as the worlds third-largest hotel operator, and its coverage of multiple market sectors allows it to spread the risks of a downturn in any one part of its business. Accor group should be focussing on marketing its hotels through advertisements in magazines, television and Accors other services operational in the U.S. It has joined hands with various magazines and is actively participating in television adverts, which will help in marketing its product. Many customers locate and book their Accor hotel accommodation through www.accorhotels.com and associated brand-specific web sites, where they are offered the opportunity to opt-in to an online communications programme. Accors online relationship marketing strategy should aim to convert prospects into customers and build customer value through increasing the depth of relationship and growing revenues from repeat bookings, cross-sales, up-sales and referrals. Customer relationship and marketing director of Accor Hotels, Mathieu Staat, said, Online relationship marketing is an important, but complex activity for us. Accor have several hotel brands and offer online communications in up to five languages to subscribers across 15 target zones. They also run six different loyalty and subscription cards.

The Interview :: essays papers

The Interview I never thought I would have to go as far as Australia to write a story on a fellow High School alumnus, Monica Confides. I was of course always familiar with her track breaking record all through school, but I never had the opportunity to talk with her one on one. Now here I am in beautiful Sydney, waiting patiently with pen and paper in hand for Monica to finish her interview with NBC. It’s a delightful day with a temperature of about 85 degrees, and the sun shimmering down brightly. I can almost feel the same excitement in the air as Monica must have felt when winning the gold metal. Nearly an hour and an half after arriving to the Olympic tent I spot Monica trying to escape a gaggle of anxious reporters. Eventually I get her attention and she calls me over to where she is sitting, the infield grass of the track. After all the congratulations and formalities our interview begins. She is friendly and open so I enjoy her company Immediately. She starts off by telling me of her Uncle who was in the 1976 Olympics running for Poland. â€Å"He was my mentor, whenever I felt my practices were becoming to intense and wanted to quit he was always there to encourage me to thrive for success.† Unfortunately, Monica’s Uncle Peter passed away in 1996, but Monica says that despite the pain she felt she knows her Uncle is smiling down on her today: â€Å"I used to fear the death of a loved one the most, but I realize now that death is a part of life and that a death in this life might signify a birth in another.† Most people don’t realize the nervousness and anxiety that accompany someone to the Olympics. For Monica this plague attacked before her big day. â€Å"I went out to dinner with my teammates that evening. It wasn’t until 2 o’clock that morning when it starting feeling as if the kangaroo steaks I had for dinner were shill hopping around in my stomach.† Monica thought that she wouldn’t even be able to compete in, let win the race the next day. But the key break came when she was awarded the inside position, which saves the runner some advantage at the beginning of the race. What are your plans for the immediate future?

Shakespeare and Steinbeck

Compare how Shakespeare and Steinbeck present villains and victims in ‘Othello' and ‘Of Mice and Men'. By Bushes Begum Both ‘Othello' and ‘Of Mice and Men' are tragedies about society villains and victims and how their pursuit of love, hopes and dreams leads them to death and destruction. William Shakespearean ‘Othello' (1603) is based on a Greek tragedy; the setting is in Venice and then Cyprus, which reflects Othello transforming into a powerful and dominant hero to a ‘Monstrous' devil.Briefly, the narrative is about a white woman (Desman) falling in love with a ‘Moorish' Muslim soldier (Othello). Inter-racial relationships were seen as vile and shocking and the fact that a Senator's daughter had fallen in love with a ‘black ram' (as he is referred to in the play) was an even bigger issue as she not only had transgressed the social taboo, but had betrayed her fathers trust and respect.However, John Steinbeck ‘Of Mice and Men' is a novella that is based on the American Dream. It was published in 1937, while it was the Great Depression in the U. S. A. The novella shows us how life was around the sass's and how people were affected, such as racism, violence, sexism; women did not have the same equality as men. Moreover, as the unemployment rate was high, people did not have the money to provide for themselves and their family. Firstly, both texts bring male villains to life.In Act one, Shakespeare presents Ago as an antagonist even before Othello appears on stage; The scene begins with Ago fuming as he did not get the position he wanted or thought he had ‘deserved' because Othello (being the General) had appointed Michael Cassia for this role – Cassia is one of Othello trusted soldiers and had been chosen due to his intelligence; the reason Ago is a villain is because he had planned o cause chaos Between Othello relationship with his beloved Desman by making him believe that Cassia was having an affair with her- this was in fact false.Ago had thought of this particular revenge on Othello due to his jealousy and new that he was not chosen as Cassia's new position as Othello lieutenant. Sago's bitterness can be seen through this. He openly admits he is deceptive and selfish saying â€Å"In following him follow but myself'. As well as this, Ago repeatedly uses the plural ‘l' – this flaunts his self- obsession once again and his egomania. Furthermore, Ago states â€Å"l am not what I am,† it is reminiscent of a quotation room the Bible which Shakespeare would have known: In Exodus (New Testament) Moses asks God his name.God replies: â€Å"l am that am†. Therefore, Sago's self-description is the direct opposite of God, which is the Devil. There is also an inconsistency between how he appears and what he is really like. This introduces Sago's mysterious nature and his unwillingness to share his true thoughts. The readers are the only spectators that un derstand Sago's true feelings. Each character believes that he is a trustworthy and noble man, but they are unaware of his thoughts and schemes.He claims a fake putative for honesty and plain speaking, yet he invents elaborate lies to exploit each character -The fact that he started and ended the first scene demonstrates his high authority and implying he is omnipotent. Moreover, Ago uses vocabulary to manipulate Abrogation. His slyness is another concept of his wicked characteristics; he uses bestial, sexual language to exaggerate the sinfulness of his daughters marriage . The sense of uncertainty is emphasized as the action takes place at night.The darkness links to a metaphorical difficulty in seeing – this becomes a theme in the play s the characters struggle to separate appearances from reality. Repetition is one of the skills he uses to get them thinking negatively, for example by repeating â€Å"thieves† four times he encourages Abrogation to feel that Othello h as stolen his daughter. He also announces ‘Even now, an old black ram is topping your white ewe', by using this sort of annalistic and graphic imagery, he is trying to arouse Abrogation anger at Othello, so that Abrogation destroys Othello quicker.This is an advantage to Ago as he can seek revenge on someone he hates indirectly and in such a clever way that it doesn't even me like he was involved in the action at all. Shakespeare specifically chose the animal, ‘ram' to reveal the moor and connote that he is demonic and devilish; and a ‘ewe' to suggest she is pure. Being a lamb can also emphasis that Desman is still her fathers baby, which will make Abrogation feel fellow and pity. Ago uses the present tense ‘Even now, very now' to inflame Abrogation's patience so he takes action as soon as possible.Additionally, Ago cleverly included his skin color â€Å"black† to provoke Abrogation as this will array the contrast in color between Othello ND Desman; Du ring the Jacobean times, inter-racial relationships would be considered as scandalous and for a Senator's daughter to take such a shocking action, meant that he would lose his reputation Through Sago's soliloquy the dramatist anticipates his increasingly evil plans: in this scene (act 1, scene 3) Ago suggests various motives for his plotting. The dramatic device of the soliloquy gives us, the speakers perspective and makes us, in part, his accomplices.He suggests that he is envious of Cassia and states â€Å"if this poor trash of Venice, whom I leash for his haunting†¦ ‘al have our Michael Cassia on the hip†. Ago uses a series of haunting metaphors. â€Å"Trash† was a verb meaning ‘to restrain hounds' while hunting and a â€Å"leash† is used to restrain dogs. Also â€Å"on the hip† was a wrestling term. This shows Sago's language is aggressive and predatory and can suggest that jealousy can lead to aggression/violence. Ago also suspects t hat Othello has slept with Emilie: â€Å"twixt my sheets/he has done my office†.He seems to plot for his own amusement and calls it â€Å"sport†. However, he admits that he has no evidence â€Å"l know fit be true†, yet he acts in mere suspicion. Sago's unsubstantiated claims suggest that sexual jealousy is just an excuse to cause anxiety between Othello and Desman. This demonstrates Ago is skilled at thinking on his feet, by showing that Ago is working out his devious plan while he speaks he uses phrases like â€Å"let me see now' and â€Å"how? How? Let's see†. This hints his ability to take advantage of situations and improvise.The play†right uses rhetorical questions to make it effective. Driven by Sago's overpowering lust for evil, the lack of his intelligence and the ability to trick people is another thrust for his manipulation. Shakespeare resents Ago as a persuasive figure; as he has the talent to make other characters blind over his trust . This means he is able to utilize people to for his own agenda and use it as a tool for his aspirations. Roding was one of the easy target for Ago to take advantage of, by convincing him that his money (along with Sago's love) can buy Desman, a woman who cannot be bought.In Sago's soliloquy he declares: â€Å"Thus do I ever make my fool my purse†. The ensign shows that he is adept at using Roding's foolishness and weaknesses to fraud money and jewels, making himself a substantial profit, while using IM to attain his other goals too. This shows the society during the Jacobean times was really easy to fool and would trust anyone. Besides, Ago shows his immoral manner through his misogyny – a general hatred of women. He suggests that most women are adulteresses- he says that there's â€Å"many a beast then in a populous city† since so many women make their husbands cuckolds.He also uses misogynistic terms such as â€Å"wanton† and ‘TOUT† to desc ribe faithful Desman. Generally, in the 1 ass's, manipulating a woman would be really easy, as it was their duty to obey the commands instructed by their men. Therefore Ago is also capable of taking advantage of his own wife (Amelia), through her weakness. He does not give or show love to her in any way. This leaves Amelia desperate for his affection. He uses her as part of his mischievous plot to destroy Othello and orders her to betray Desman and steal her handkerchief. I nothing but to please his fantasy† Emilie doesn't question Ago about the handkerchief and does what she has been told. Even though she's trying to please him, he shows her little appreciation and snatches the handkerchief, telling Emilie â€Å"leave me†. This splays his vice personality. Additionally, the society during the Elizabethan time was patriarchal. Men was seen as powerful and masculine to do as such; sexism was a common issue meaning women had no rights or a chance to speak up on what they believed was right or wrong. The Jacobean audience would not see sexism as a scandal, as they believe it is culture.However, this could link to Roman Catholics not allowing women to speak in churches. On the other hand modern (21st Century) audiences would see this as discrimination and the gender should not stop you from speaking and giving your populous. Forbore, Sago's main plot was to utilize Othello and his faithful relationship with Desman. It was easy for Ago to manipulate the ‘Moor, as he knew his fear, such as being cuckolded and this would make him fragile. During these times a man who is being cheated on was outrageous and appalling.They would automatically lose their reputation and status; Even now in the 21 SST century people believe adultery is sickening. Ago uses relentless persuasive techniques to make Othello believe Desman is disloyal without any concrete proof. He uses leading questions such as â€Å"Did Michael Cassia†¦. Know your love? To imply that Othello should be suspicious of Cassia and Desman. By involving Othello in his ‘thought process', Ago makes it seem as if the idea of Adhesion's infidelity has come from Othello himself. This indicates Sago's cunning characteristics.The words ‘honest' and ‘honesty' are used twenty times in this scene alone proves that it is a major theme in this scene. A key reason for Sago's success in manipulating Othello is that he is perceived as a man of ‘exceeding honesty'. It is ironic that Othello believes Ago is truthful when he accuses Desman if dishonesty. Othello words ND thoughts begin to mirror Sago's. For example, Othello adopts Sago's misogynistic views, referring to â€Å"lewd minx† and â€Å"fair devil†. Also His language becomes violent. ; â€Å"I'll tear her all to pieces! † and begins to curse â€Å"O, damn her, damn her! Which echoes Sago's coarse language and references to hell. At the end of Act 3, Scene 3, Othello kneels in front of Ago, demonstrating to the audience how powerful Ago has become. Ago then kneels down and they pledge loyalty to each other in a parody of an Elizabethan wedding ceremony. This shows Ago can influence innocent people to think and act like him. Yet in ‘Of Mice and Men', The character The Boss' is a key villain; he is described as the â€Å"short fat legged man†. The word ‘fat' suggests that he is greedy and wealthy; he only wants everything for himself.This also suggests that his power and reputation is the most important factor for him. To illustrate the power and authority to the audience Steinbeck cleverly did not mention the boss's name throughout the entire novel. This further displays that the boss has high standards, thus the workers have no position to call him by his name. However, the characteristics of the boss implies to the traders that he does not believe in friendship or loyalty, the reason for this is the initial start of friendship begins with d eclaring of names.Moreover, the boss acts in this manner also due to the fact that he is insecure and worried that he might lose his position and reputation. As well as that, the society at the time was harsh and cruel that people were unable to trust one another. The boss is an authoritative figure who is really suspicious for example the book states â€Å"Then why won't you let him answer, what you trying to put over'; this is when George answers all the questions for Leonie and the boss starts butting both of them. The boss is clearly the villain in Of Mice and Men.The reason for this is because he holds favorites, and does not treat everyone equally. For example he treats Crooks in an unjust manner just due to his race and color. This is clearly proven in the statement â€Å"but I can't play because lime black. They say I stink'. This reveals that the boss's perception also affected the rank workers. Therefore, overall this illustrates the boss is not a victim and merely a vil lain. Similarly, both of the antagonist ‘Ago' and ‘The Boss' have a high authority and is omnipotent.Shakespeare and Steinbeck represents their authority in a clever way; for example In ‘Othello' Ago starts and ends the first scene to indicate he is dominant . Whereas, in ‘Of Mice and Men' Steinbeck does not mention the boss's name throughout the entire novella to illustrate his power and command. Both characters uses their intelligence and importance as a tool to take in control of people. They have other characters happiness in their hands, which leaves them deciding how they are going to manipulate or humiliate them.In ‘Othello' Ago uses racial language such as ‘ The old black am' and verbally abuses him and makes ‘The moor' seem like an outsider. Ago also describes Othello as a ‘Barbara Horse' creating an annalistic imagery. Likewise, The Boss also mistreats Crooks due to his skin color; he segregates him from the bunkhouse and giv es him space in the barn. The Boss, categories Crooks with the animals giving him the same equality as a horse. This suggests they both are racist and vile. It also can imply they do not consider black people as human which arrays their villainous nature.Furthermore, Both narratives show sympathetic male victims. In ‘Othello' the Arcadian tenders ‘The moor' as a protagonist and a hero in the play, he is a black soldier in a white society; it would be rare for a man of race to have such a highly respected position in Venetian society. However, everyone recognizes that he's foreign and exotic. Therefore, Othello Is often described using racial language – Roding and Ago calls him â€Å"laborious moor†, â€Å"Barberry horse† and an â€Å"old black ram† in the first scene before Othello appears.The word â€Å"lavishes† makes Othello seem savage. As well as this, by presenting bestial and annalistic images of Othello as a â€Å"ram† an d â€Å"bar berry horse† sakes him seem vicious and inhuman. This shows Abrogation, Roding and Ago have all condemned him and they see him as an outsider due to his skin color. This informs the audience that Othello is clearly a victim of discrimination. The ‘Moor' is also referred to using images of hell and devil because the color ‘ black' was linked to evil in Jacobean times. This refers the racist society during the 1 ass's.In the 21st century the racial comments would be offensive and uncivil. Moreover, Othello is a victimized through Sago's poisoned words, his faithful relationship is ruined by a scandalous amour: Desman is secretly seeing Cassia. The view of Othello as â€Å"not easily jealous† is supported and contradicted by the play. He doesn't given in jealousy immediately, and says Desman â€Å"loves company† defending her and demanding for â€Å"ocular proof' before he will believe her guilt. The strength of his jealousy arises in part from the strength of love.He loves Desman â€Å"not wisely, but too well† – when he begins to suspect she is unfaithful, this passion changes from love to jealousy. Ago plays with his insecurity and fears, which leaves Othello emotionally and physically mental, believing he had been cuckolded. Therefore, Othello loses control of his actions and speech. Paradoxically, he thinks that killing Desman is the only way to ensure that their love survives and states â€Å"l will keep thee/and love thee after†. This suggests he always loved her and will love her. He commits suicide to punish himself for his crime.Also as a tragic hero, he has no choice but to die: â€Å"no way but this†. Besides, In ‘Of Mice and Men' Crooks is introduced to us in a very unique way. He is the only black person in the novella. Steinbeck describes all his belongings, creating a strong vivid picture in the readers head. Crooks the ‘negro stable buck' lives alone in a small cramped room, he is not allowed to sleep in the bunkhouse, so instead he sleeps in the barn with the animals. This illustrates that he is getting the same equality as a horse is getting and being victimized like an animal, due to his color.He is someone who is abused very unfairly and unjustly. He has many things from a pair of rubber boots, a clock, and a shotgun; he also has a dictionary, magazines, a few dirty books, and a pair of ‘gold' spectacles. The ‘magazines, dictionary' tells us that he is bookish and educated unlike the other men. The ‘dirty books' expresses that crooks looks at woman's pictures because he cannot get a women in reality. Crooks characteristics is very down to earth, He thinks that everyone is the same. He acts like this because people treat him like a door mat and hate on him because of his race.The society during the sass's was very racist and black people would be mistreated harshly. He is obviously a victim of prejudice because of his skin color which isolates him from the other men. † Expose you didn't have nobody. Expose you couldn't go into the bunk house†¦ â€Å". This demonstrates He's bitter and lonely. Comparably, Othello and Crooks are the only black character in the both text. They are victimized racially and are diminished. During the sass's and sass's the society was chauvinist and prejudice, therefore it was not shocking or vile in these times.However, Shakespeare presents ‘Othello' as a hero in the play, whereas, in ‘Of Mice and Men' Steinbeck gives crooks a side role. ‘The Moor' has been manipulated by Ago without even realizing as he is perceived Ago as a man of ‘exceeding honesty. Therefore, he is blind over his trust. This shows Othello naivety, but some audience may not feel sympathy or Othello because he easily suspected his wife unfaithful without any concrete proof. On the other hand, Crooks has been discriminated from other men, but he knows his equal righ ts and makes the audience feel sympathy for him saying â€Å"Expose you dint have nobody.Expose you cuddy go into the bunk house†¦ â€Å". Crooks is very down to earth, he will not trust anyone and thinks everyone is the same due to his mistreatment. In addition, in cooperation text portray female victims. Desman is one of the main female characters in ‘Othello'; she is described in military terms as a fair warrior; which shows her strength of character. Desman is a white, upper class Venetian and would have been accepted to marry someone of the same class and race, but she rejects the society's expectation and marries Othello instead.Her Father (Abrogation) misjudges and disowns her due to the reason he would loose his ‘reputation'. This implies Desman is not racist towards black people and proves she plays a victim. Throughout the play, she's a loyal wife and promises to herself she will be faithful to Othello as her mother was to Abrogation: â€Å"so much duty as my mother showed me†. Yet Othello assumes his wife is disloyal and adulterous believing in Sago's dirty rumors. Ago uses her goodness for his own revenge.Desman reveals her naivety about marriage as she refuses to believe unfaithful wives exists: â€Å"l do not there is any such women†. The idea of infidelity is unthinkable to her. This emphasizes her innocence. Despite her loyalty to her husband, Othello physically and verbally abuses her in public labeling her a â€Å"strumpet† and a â€Å"where†. Desman becomes increasingly vulnerable to Othello anger. She seems to defend her husband's authority and blame herself for his outrage. Also excepting his previous abuse as she does not want to offend him ; â€Å"We must not now displease him†.In the sixteenth century, women were expected to be seen but not heard, especially in their husband's presence. Moreover, she accepts â€Å"wretched fortune† in act 4, Scene 3 she seems to anticipate her death – she sings a song which mirrors her life and is haunted by the thought â€Å"that song tonight/will not go from my mind†. This creates dramatic irony for the audience who know Othello plan, which is to murder his own wife. By the end of the play Othello tends to suffocate her until her heart beat has topped. Desman is the real victim in this tragic play.Additionally, Steinbeck presents Curler's wife as an isolated woman who is trapped in a marriage to Curler and is a possession according to him She is a victim because she does not have the freedom of doing what she always wanted, such as being an actress and being famous. She had big hopes and dreams but it all turned out to be the opposite because she married Curler. He treats her as his property, to show this to the readers, Steinbeck did not give her a name and labeled her ‘Curlers wife' which is also proposing she is just an object. In the 1 ass's women were not equal with men, Women could not even ge t out of the house.It was a sexist society. Curler does not seem to give her much attention, this means she had no one to talk to, even if she wants to; â€Å"but can't talk to no body but Curler. Else he gets mad†. This is what she says to Leonie. Meanwhile, she gets comfortable with Leonie and she tells him how ‘Lonely' she feels and the way people do not care about her. For example â€Å".. Seems like they anti none of them cares how I goat live† Her speech is characterized by the collective pronoun â€Å"they† and the singular round â€Å"l† which further signifies how she is marginalia from the other men and she feels completely alone in life.Curlers wife is considered as a victim because towards the end the audience starts feeling sympathy for her and realizes that she is a warm hearted person. Straight after, she is mistakenly killed by Leonie. With in Curler's wife's death; everything dies such as the Hopes, The American dream and it also en ds the novella with the sunset dying. Furthermore, both characters have been utilized as objects; they did not have the right to speak up but are there to only obey their husbands. Desman has been abused physically in public and is called a â€Å"strumpet† and a ‘Severe† – even though she is a loyal wife.In ‘Of Mice and Men' Steinbeck did not give her a name and labeled her as Curler's wife' which is proposing she is an object. Also, throughout, the novella she has been called a â€Å"Tart†. Steinbeck cleverly hints Curler's wife gets abused by Curler as she wears a lot of makeup to cover her bruises. The society was patriarchy and sexist; Women were mistreated like a discarded cloth. Moreover, both characters had problems in their marriage; their husbands tend to care about the loss of heir reputation more than anything else. Ultimately, both texts teach us that the society is the true, silent villain.This is because Women were treated as obje cts- they were seen as items to use for the purpose, benefit and satisfaction of men. Although even now, in the millennium era, women are portrayed as objects through sexual exploitation; therefore this highlights the fact that society as a leader, overdoses its generation with brain- tangling ideas to manipulate people's thoughts and create stereotypes. Another reason to clarify the society is the real scoundrel, s because black people were victimized and mistreated like animals, which is discriminatory and racism.The society is confused because Othello is a black man and he is considered as a white due to the reason he wins the war. This can suggest that the society believe black people are not capable of winning – hinting they are weak. The characters in ‘Of Mice and Men' and ‘Othello' tend to care more about status and reputation than themselves. For example, Othello had killed his beloved wife and himself to escape from his reputation loss. Whereas, in Ã¢â‚¬Ë œOf Mice and Men' Curler lies; his hand got in the machine to save his reputation.

Beyond Petroleum focuses on sustainability Essay

1) Based on the history of the company, why did BP get involved in so much questionable conduct? The reason why BP got involved in so much questionable conducts is because at first they didn’t want to spend the money on fixing the stuff. They have been ignoring all these red flags and at the end they ended up spending much money. They could of saved a lot of money if they had fixed the problem before the incident occurred. The reason why they ended having so much trouble is because they didn’t take care of their stakeholders. Their major concern in those types of business should be the safety of their employees. We all know that those places aren’t the safest place in the world, which is why BP has to make sure to keep their workers in a safe environment. 2) Analyze BP’s efforts to improve sustainability. Do you think they are sufficient, or does the company need to do more? At first I didn’t think that BP’s has been to sustainable. If you look at their history they have been going up and down pretty quit often which isn’t a good example of sustainability. If they didn’t have all these problems in the past we could say that they are sustainable but with all the incident that occurred in the past few years it is going to be hard to defend them on that side. Lately they have been investing a lot of their investments green wise in order to improve their image. They have been contributing a lot in the wind farms, the solar system and in the Biofuel. Which is really good for the company, their stakeholders and for the world in general. The more companies start going green wise the less we will destroy our planet. 3) Do you believe the BP code of conduct and ethics initiatives will prevent future misconduct? I think that BP’s has been trying a lot of things in the past few years to show the good example. Maybe they have done a lot of mistakes in the past, but we can’t always think negative. They code of conduct could only bring good things within the company. The fact that they make a universal code of conduct through out all their enterprise in the world was a huge step for them. They are trying their best to prove to the world that they aren’t that bad, and that even oil companies who tempts to destroy our planet with their gasoline can try to save some parts of their mistakes.

Physiotherapy Students Experience Working With Mental Health Disorders Nursing Essay Essay Example

Physiotherapy Students Experience Working With Mental Health Disorders Nursing Essay Essay Example Physiotherapy Students Experience Working With Mental Health Disorders Nursing Essay Essay Physiotherapy Students Experience Working With Mental Health Disorders Nursing Essay Essay A focal point group based probe to research the experiences of Coventry University 3rd twelvemonth physical therapy pupil s working with patients with a Mental Health Disorder after 30 hebdomads clinical arrangement. Introduction Good Mental Health ( MH ) is defined as a individual s ability to carry through a figure of cardinal maps and activities, such as the ability to larn, experience, express and pull off a broad scope of positive and negative emotions, signifier and keep good relationships with others and header with alteration and uncertainness, ( Mental Health Foundation ) . Hence, it implies that if a individual can non execute these cardinal cognitive maps they are said to hold a mental unwellness or a mental wellness upset ( MHD ) . However, you could reason that if this is the definition for holding a mental unwellness or a MHD, so on some yearss could nt everybody be defined as non holding good mental wellness? And to a certain extent this is true, about everyone experiences psychiatric symptoms at some point in their lives, runing from the comparatively minor, such as a short period of choler, anxiousness or depression during times of emphasis, to the badly disabling and painful ( Hicks 2005 ) . A individual enduring from a mental unwellness frequently has a combination of symptoms such as unnatural ideas and bodily esthesiss, normally called cognitive and bodily symptoms ( Physiotherapy in Mental wellness 1995 ) . One in six British grownups will hold a MHD at some point in their lives ( National Statistics 2009 ) , and about 450 million people worldwide have a MH job ( World Health Organization 2009 ) , bespeaking that mental and neurological upsets are common and there is a high figure of people with mental wellness jobs within society. Many of us perceive mental wellness to be a batch less common than what the statistics suggest, as mental wellness is frequently non talked about and is seen as a tabu topic. It has been found that there is a stigma attached to people with MHD s where they are frequently seen as unsafe and violent although the world is, that more offense is caused by people who do non hold a MHD, over 95 % of violent offense in Britain is committed by people who are non mentally ill ( Sayce 2000 ) . This stigma has been thought to hold been created through a bad portraiture of people with MHD s within the media and deficiency of instruction on MH, which has lead to MH bein g ill understood and a feeling of uncertainness and apprehensiveness environing MH. LINK STIGMA TO STUDENTS WORKING WITH PATIENTS WITH A MHD. This stigma may be present amongst wellness attention professionals, so hence this survey was undertaken to detect the experiences and perceptual experiences of pupils within the physical therapy profession on mental wellness patients. The purpose of the survey was to look at pupils who had no or small cognition of mental wellness and minimum contact with persons with a mental wellness upset before their 30 hebdomads clinical arrangement. The survey aimed to derive a greater penetration into what the experiences the pupils had with mental wellness patients whilst on clinical arrangement and whether those experiences influenced their initial beliefs. Research Question The PICOT method was applied to assist construction and inform the research inquiry, What are the experiences of 3rd twelvemonth physical therapy pupils at Coventry University working with patients with a MHD after 30 hebdomads clinical arrangement? , ( appendix 1 ) . The purposes of this survey were to happen out what the experiences of Coventry University 3rd twelvemonth physical therapy pupils had whilst working with MH patients during there 30 hebdomads clinical arrangement ; how did those experiences influence their ideas about patients with a MHD and did those experiences change any old beliefs held about patients with a mental wellness job? Literature reappraisal There is limited literature based on pupil physical therapist s experiences and perceptual experiences of MH, hence a wide in-depth hunt was conducted across the AMED, CINHAL, Cochrane and MEDLINE databases sing the nature of this proposal ( appendix 2 ) . HOW DO THESE PIECES OF RESEARCH RELATE TO MY RESEARCH? APPLY CRITIQUE FROM EBP TO EACH ARTICLE. Altindag et Al ( 2006 ) conducted a survey to analyze whether an antistigma plan which consists of instruction, contact and sing a movie that depicts an single with schizophrenic disorder, can alter attitudes towards people with schizophrenic disorder. The survey group consisted of 25 first twelvemonth medical pupils who had no anterior instruction on mental wellness and psychopathology. They received a 2 hr talk on the causes of stigma associated with schizophrenic disorder, common myths about schizophrenic disorder and the relationship between schizophrenic disorder and force and aggression. They were besides introduced to a immature individual with schizophrenic disorder who shared his experiences of the unwellness, intervention and stigma. Last, the pupils watched a movie titled A Beautiful Mind which depicts a mathematical mastermind enduring from schizophrenic disorder. The survey besides had a control group incorporating 35 participants. Both the control and intercession grou p contained topics with similar background and instruction. They used a questionnaire to rate attitudes before and after the plan and found that attitudes changed favorably after the one twenty-four hours antistigma plan. This suggests that the plan can be used on wellness attention professionals. Brief plans are appealing because they may impact stigmatizing attitudes with small attempt and may be accessible to far more people. The one month follow up showed that the effects of the antistigma plan are likely to decrease with clip which may be due to interaction with society. Therefore antistogma plans should be carried out in schools on a regular basis. The restrictions of this survey are the sample size holding a little intercession and control group limits the ability to generalise the consequences to the general population. The intercession group contained disparate elements and is hard to cognize which 1s are the active ingredients. Mino et Al ( 2001 ) looked at a new one hr educational plan used to alter attitudes towards MHD. It was conducted on 95 first twelvemonth medical pupils and so eight old ages subsequently a control group was carried out on 94 pupils. The survey found that attitudes changed favorably because of the one hr plan. Pinar ( 2006 ) aimed to find the attitudes of medical pupils towards mentally handicapped people and to understand the impact of schooling on attitude difference by measuring 2nd and 6th twelvemonth medical pupils. The 230 participants in the 2nd twelvemonth pupils had no old cognition of MH or psychopathology ; nevertheless the 222 participants in the 6th twelvemonth had interaction with the mentally handicapped and worked on a psychopathology displacement. The sample was made up of 452 pupils from 3 public schools, where attitudes were assessed on a likert graduated table. The restrictions of this survey are that theoretical talks environing MH were non compulsory, hence some of the pupils would hold received information of MH and others would nt, hence may impacting their attitudes. Another restriction is that the same sets of participants were non used in the 2nd and 6th twelvemonth so therefore you can non mensurate whether their existent attitudes changed through instruction. Significance to research The chief significance of this research is to place experiences which physiotherapy pupils had with patients with a MHD whilst on arrangement, and discover whether these experiences changed any initial positions held by the pupils on MH. The impact of these findings will bespeak to pupils within the wellness attention scene, the importance of experience on developing their ideas and beliefs held on MH. Physical therapy pupils are the following coevals of qualified physical therapists and will come across MHD throughout their pattern, so hence demand to be unfastened minded and challenge damaging positions. If their positions are negative so this will hold an impact on their behavior and may impact the quality of attention that they provide to their patient with a MHD. Methodology Research Design This survey is explorative, so hence will be researching an thought where there is limited theory environing it and the information collected will be qualitative. The strengths of a qualitative research method are that it provides rich, elaborate description and allows the participant to react in their ain words. It besides allows the research worker to examine and promote participants to dig farther into their experiences. The disadvantages of qualitative research are that it takes a long clip to transport out and the sample size can be little so therefore you can reason that you can non hold transferability. Study Population The survey population consisted of one male and 5 female, 3rd twelvemonth physical therapy pupils at Coventry University. This is representative of the male to female ratio on physical therapy classs, which although varies greatly from twelvemonth to twelvemonth and across the state, it can be every bit high as 80 per centum female ( The Independent News 2009 ) . A purposive sampling technique was used to garner the participants, so that the focal point group contained a set of homogeneous persons, harmonizing to the undertaking ends and the research worker s intent ( Sim and Wright 2000 ) . The method known as sweet sand verbena sampling was used as the participants needed for this focal point group were hard to place, so hence the research worker contacted persons which matched the inclusion standards and so asked them to urge farther possible participants that fit the inclusion standards and could take portion in the focal point group. These topics were so contacted via electroni c mail ; this non-direct attack ensured no force per unit area was applied to participants ( Bruseberg and McDonagh 2003:29-30 ) . Six participants were recruited for this focal point group ; this is an effectual figure as it is non so little that it would put a load on each participant to transport the conversation, nevertheless, non excessively large as to supply less chance for each participant to state everything they would wish to state about the subject ( Morgan 1998 ) . Inclusion Standards Participants must be physiotherapy pupils who had no or small cognition of mental wellness and minimum contact with persons with a mental wellness upset before their 15 hebdomads clinical arrangement, Participants must hold had contact on their clinical arrangements with patients with a MHD i.e. Depression, dementedness, chronic weariness, schizophrenic disorder, anxiousness, or an eating upset, Participants must talk English fluently, Participants must non object to being audio-taped. Exclusion Standards Not a physical therapy pupil, No contact with MHD s whilst on arrangement, The participant objects to being audio taped, The participant can non talk English. Method of informations aggregation A one-off focal point group was used as the informations aggregation method, where the research worker acted as the facilitator, steering the group treatment on preset subjects ( Morgan 1998 ) . The advantages of utilizing a focal point group are that the group interaction may excite the look of attitudes ; it provides information on the kineticss of attitudes and sentiments and can supply a supportive forum for the look of positions by participants, who may experience empowered by the group puting ( Sim and Wright 2000 ) . It can besides let the research worker to examine farther into the treatment and pick up non-verbal cues such as facial looks. Prior to the focal point group, the subject of the survey was sent to the participants via electronic mail, so that they could believe around the subject in progress. Participants were given a participant information sheet, a consent signifier and a signifier to roll up their demographic inside informations before the focal point group com menced. An account of the procedure that was about to happen was delivered by the research worker ( appendix 3 ) . A transcript of the three inquiries which were covered within the focal point group ( appendix 4 ) , was distributed to each person at the beginning, to let the participants to jot down their initial positions on the subjects before the treatment took topographic point, this enabled quieter members of the group to garner their ideas and construct assurance and ensured a changeless flow of treatment throughout the focal point group. The inquiries were unfastened to avoid closed, yes or no replies and avoided any ambiguity, prima inquiries or portraiture of the research worker s ideas or experiences. The focal point group lasted one hr and was conducted in a quiet seminar room in the wellness and life scientific disciplines section, at Coventry University. This familiar environment enabled the pupils to experience relaxed and at easiness when taking portion in the treatment. The group session was audio-taped via two tape recording equipments and transcribed. The research squad consisted of two physical therapy pupils, one acted as the facilitator and one acted as the independent moderator. The facilitator invariably summarised what the participants had said after the treatment leting them to set or corroborate their response or significance. This acted as a signifier of member checking, where the information obtained is accurate and undertakings its true significance. Throughout, the facilitator and the independent moderator undertook field notes where key footings, subjects and feelings were documented, which aided the written text of informations. The research squad were both pupils from within the same societal group of the survey participants ; this acquaintance ensured that the focal point group participants could speak openly and freely without limitations, leting an insightful and meaningful treatment to take topographic point between the pupils. A brooding journal was undertaken by the research worker throughout the focal point group and analysis procedure in order to capture any preconceived thoughts and premises upon the subject of treatment, this witting scrutiny and elucidation of ideas is known as bracketing . This enabled the research worker to be open-minded and adaptable when bring forthing classs and subjects emerging from the transcript ( Todres 2005 ) . Ethical Considerations This survey was deemed to be low hazard, so hence a low hazard ethical blessing signifier was completed by the research worker and supervisor. A certification signed by the pupil research worker, the supervisor and countersigned by an ethics commission member, signified that blessing for the survey had been obtained ( appendix 4 ) . A participant information sheet ( appendix 5 ) was given to each participant and written consent ( appendix 5 ) was gained from each participant before the focal point group took topographic point. Participants were cognizant that they had the right to retreat at any point within the survey and that they would non be capable to any physical or psychological injury by taking portion. Confidentiality was ensured as the information was merely available to the research worker and the supervisor. Anonymity was continued throughout the survey by the participant s names being coded in the transcripts. Pilot Test A pilot trial was conducted before the definite focal point group, on one Coventry physical therapy pupil suiting the inclusion standards, to enable any possible jobs to be determined early on. This allowed the research worker to reflect upon the strengths and failings and better any defects within the public presentation when transporting out the existent focal point group ; it besides improved the reflexiveness of the survey and hence trustiness. Datas Analysis The qualitative information was audio-taped, canned via manus and so typed up utilizing word processing package. This allowed the research worker to travel text effortlessly from one subdivision to another ( Miles 1994 ) ; the information was so analysed utilizing content analysis. The analysis continuum, which proposes three stairss depending on what degree of reading of the information is needed, helped the research worker to make this. The transcript based analysis is the most strict type of analysis, so hence this was applied. The first measure is the accretion and presentation of informations the transcript. The 2nd measure is the description of informations, which is the sum-up of remarks incorporating quotation marks and subjects based on observation, field notes and natural informations ( consequences ) . The 3rd measure is the reading what the findings mean and supply apprehension, ( treatment ) . ( Kruger 1994 ) . The method bracketing was used, where any anterior outlook s and beliefs held by the research worker on the undertaking subject were written down before the focal point group was carried out so that the information was non misinterpreted , ( Kruger 1998 ) . Consequences The information from the focal point group identified a figure of classs, which so developed into six wide subjects. The consequences of the focal point group are qualitative in nature, so hence the result will be presented as a sum-up of the treatment associating to each subject. The sum-up will sketch the cardinal points emerging from the informations and citations from the participants to exemplify the profusion of the informations produced. The theme headers reflect the countries of treatment which took topographic point within the focal point group and are presented in a logical mode. The subjects were wide as to embrace a broad assortment of classs ; this meant at times that the classs could travel into more than one subject, therefore the six subjects overlap ; this can be illustrated within figure 2. Student Emotions: Oh my beloved life The pupils expressed a assortment of emotions, both positive and negative in respects to their experiences whilst on arrangement with MH patients. The positive feelings included: Challenging ; like ; exciting ; interesting ; fascinating and comfy. One participant described a feeling of satisfaction and a sense of accomplishment when assisting patients with a MH job, when you achieve something with them it feels good and others agreed that their memories environing these patients were positive, Some of them do your twenty-four hours. Participants articulated that these patients were frequently ambitious, some believed this was gratifying, I prefer challenges with patients, instead than the consecutive forward 1s , nevertheless, others felt that certain state of affairss with the MH patients were excessively ambitious and hard to get by with. One participant described a complex experience which they had with an anorectic patient and the troubles they had in their determination doing sing intervention: I had a patient who was 23 and had anorexia she had been on ITU. We wanted to acquire her on a motorcycle to acquire her legs traveling, because she had contracted musculuss within her legs The thing was do you acquire her on a motorcycle, as she had anorexia and may free weight and she was nt eating so it was like what do you make? It was rather hard as she was immature and down. The feelings of involvement, exhilaration and curiousness were shared among the group and were expressed when speaking about patients with MH upsets and their unpredictable nature. They agreed that they welcomed the thought of alteration and non-familiarity, as a challenge which they enjoyed: It was rather exciting inquiring what they ll be like. It s rather challenging, as you may hold two patients with dementedness or bipolar but they will neer show in the same manner, so its quite interesting to see the differences in them. It s interesting as you do nt cognize what you re traveling to acquire or who you re traveling to acquire. The negative emotions reported were: terrified ; scared ; intimidated ; nervous and incapacitated. There was besides a general consensus attained from the pupils that they did non experience prepared to cover with MH issues whilst on arrangement and some did non believe that they would hold any input with patients with MH jobs: I might hold been a spot nescient but I did nt believe we would hold much input with patients with mental wellness issues . Many within the group believed this feeling of being unprepared was due to the deficiency of learning which they received on MH. One pupil stated that by non experiencing prepared and holding experience in MH that they felt frightened and nervous: I had a cat come up to me in a wheelchair with his weaponries and legs flailing and he sort of went BLAHHH . I stood there and went oh my beloved life . I ve neer had an experience with people non being able to pass on and I was nervous about dissing them through my deficiency of ability to understand them I learnt subsequently on that fundamentally he was merely seeking to state welcome and being by and large lovely, but it is chilling . This indicates that although there was an initial frightened reaction, this was due the pupil s rawness in how to manage certain state of affairss: I think if you do nt hold preparation, so it is rather daunting as you do nt cognize how to get by with these patients . One participant recalled on an incident, where they witnessed a patient who was being badly riotous on the ward towards patients and staff which made the pupil feel terrified: I steered clear of her, as I was intimidated by her she was a frenzied depressive who was verbally and physically aggressive she pinched everyone s material and shouted out the Windowss I was rather lucky I did nt hold to see her . The concluding emotion to be explored is helplessness . This was conveyed by one participant who was covering with a really vulnerable and complex patient: I had a patient who was 15 and was abused in an belowground tract she was really down and one twenty-four hours she could nt experience her legs and could nt walk she was hallucinating she would state that her organic structure was firing and she would drop down to the floor as if seeking to set out the fire she got referred because of the failing in her legs, but at that place was nt anything physically incorrect with her legs she had this horrid experience happen to her and you merely wanted to take it all off and do it better for her . This sense of weakness emerged through the intimidating nature of the instance and the frustrating facet of non being able to handle the patient, as there was nt anything physically incorrect. Patient Features: Not Normal The pupils described the behavior of the patients with MH jobs as: aggressive ; unpredictable ; non-responsive ; paranoiac and delusional ; demanding and complex. The pupils expressed earlier in their emotions about the patients unpredictable behavior, One minute they would be all right and so they would wholly alter, and how they accepted this and enjoyed the challenge it brought. A few of the participants spoke about incidences where their patient had been aggressive. One pupil described a patient which they were handling: One patient was truly aggressive, who was ever throwing his custodies up at you and being verbally opprobrious. Another recalled on an incident where she saw a patient being verbally and physically aggressive to the nursing staff: She was a frenzied depressive a large Jamaican adult females, who put up with no dirt whatsoever. She was verbally and physically aggressive. Another characteristic which many of the pupils picked up on was this paranoiac and delusional behavior, where the patient was leery of others and would non set their trust within the wellness attention squad: She would be shouting, stating the nurses want to kill me, everyone s out to acquire me. She started describing all the maltreatment she was inexorable that all the nurses were seeking to kill her. Although, one pupil articulated that they believed these patients were less guarded with physical therapists, I found from personal experience that patients with mental wellness jobs respond better to physios than nurses. Schemes adopted by pupils when covering with patients with MH jobs: I found myself making some truly eldritch things Students established that whilst on arrangement, that they should follow a figure of techniques in order to pull off their patients with MH upsets efficaciously. Many of these are interchangeable and could be used non merely with MH patients but with any patient, for illustration: short term ends ; readying ; adaptability / Changing attack / communicating ; doing them relaxed ; motive ; constructing up a resonance ; handle the jobs the patient nowadayss with non the status and give patient authorization and independency. These are all great accomplishments and properties to hold as a pupil and will hopefully guarantee success as a qualified physical therapist. Two schemes which were viewed as non normal and professional behavior, have been adopted by the pupils whilst on arrangement and used with patients with MH issues, these were: Laughing, vocalizing, dance, and turning away. The pupils expressed a figure of behaviors, which they believed should be used in order to derive the assurance and trust of these patients and acquire the best response from them: She had terrible dementedness she would sing to me and I would sing to her, we were both singing on the ward at one point, that was how you would seek and acquire her out of bed. I found myself making some truly eldritch things with dementedness patients singing to them, dancing Puting ill bowls on caputs. In a everyday and standard instance, these schemes would be looked upon as unnatural and unprofessional behavior ; nonetheless the pupils felt these actions were necessary when pull offing these patients to have the coveted response. Participants showed a strong and resilient attitude towards some rather awful state of affairss. One participant described how they coped when they were put within an daunting place: This patient would be truly nice one twenty-four hours and so would desire to rend your pharynx out the following, as he told me on a twosome of occasions [ laughs ] I merely said just plenty and so went back and saw him once more in the afternoon. I think each mental wellness patient is a challenge but this is our occupation, we give a service per individual no affair what irrespective of any upset they ve got. This pupil dealt with the fortunes maturely and responsibly, understanding that this is our profession and we need to supply a service to our patients, they took the baleful patient within their pace and carried on as usual. However, one pupil did non see it like this and avoided a patient, which the pupil perceived as unsafe: I really steered clear of this patient Barriers to intervention: The pupils expressed legion factors which they believed were a barrier to the intervention of the patients with a MH issue within their attention, they were: the patients personality ; consent ; patient consciousness of status ; relatives ; clip restraints ; deficiency of rehab potency. The bulk of these factors can be applicable to any patient within your attention, for case consent demands to be obtained before any intervention is carried out, nevertheless one participant described their trouble sing the consent of their MH patient: It s still rather hard though when you go in and explicate your intervention to a dementedness patient and they refuse you do nt cognize if they are declining because they do understand and do nt desire the intervention or they do nt understand and still state no It s rather hard to judge when they say no do they intend no or is that the dementedness speech production. Students believed that a patient s personality had an affect on how the physical therapist treated them. If the patient was sort and accessible, so the pupil would be more inclined to assist the patient than if the patient was violative and difficult to work with: Some people who are affected become aggressive and other become truly lovely and nice and that truly makes a difference in how people are treated. One patient who was truly aggressive who was ever throwing his custodies up at you and being verbally opprobrious, we tried to acquire him up 3 or 4 times, finally we did nt inquire him any longer. Patient consciousness of status it s hard to cover with patients who are nt cognizant of their status, As they think that their behavior is wholly normal One patient knew they had dementedness and had amusing minutes and she was merely like it merely me being off with the faeries, whereas others did nt hold a hint and were somewhat more hard to cover with Student Beliefs / Attitudes before arrangement on MH platinums: bird flew out of the fathead nest It was apparent that ab initio the pupils stereotyped patients with a mental unwellness as aggressive, I ever related mental wellness to aggressive behavior and brainsick, frequently pictured as an older individual or person with larning disablements. The pupils besides made evident that they did non understand the function of a physical therapist in the attention of a MH patient and did non believe we would hold much input in their intervention. The belief held by the pupils before clinical arrangement, that patients with a MH are aggressive and brainsick seemed to be the consensus across the group. One participant described what they believed MH was before holding experience with them on arrangement, connoting that MH patients bare the traits of a schizophrenic individual and that these patients are brainsick or loopy: Did anyone gain how widespread dementedness and depression is? I did nt gain I thought MH was more schizophrenia bird flew out of the fathead nest. When reflecting back on the pupil s earlier attitudes and beliefs before arrangement, one pupil described how they made premises about MH: You normally assume that people with MH jobs are either old or are possibly people with learning disablements she was absolutely normal, could keep a superb conversation, knew precisely what you were stating and was wholly sane, until she had these uneven minutes. This shows that in these two incidences by the pupils disbursement clip with patients with MH upsets, that their perceptual experiences changed and they came to gain that MH encompasses a broad assortment of conditions, some of which are common but are frequently non associated with MH and that MH jobs can impact anyone of any age. Student Beliefs / Attitudes after arrangement on MH platinums: Do nt undervalue the head It was clearly apparent that by the pupils traveling on arrangement and deriving experience in a assortment of countries that they gained many accomplishments, assisting them to develop professionally and personally. The pupils learnt from set abouting 30 hebdomads clinical arrangement that: MH jobs are common and that there is a assortment of MH conditions ; they would hold liked to hold been educated more on MH to fix them ; some people do nt esteem MH patients ; sometimes MH patients are seen as low position and people give up on them ; MH patients are vulnerable ; MH is every bit of import as physical wellness and a MH job does nt intend that the patient is aggressive they are nt wholly aggressive. The participants besides believed that a deficiency of experience in MH can do people misjudge MH patients, form negative sentiments and do them experience scared of the unknown: I think that people who do nt hold any experience with them can merely believe they are being crabbed sometimes or holding a amusing minute. If you had no experience within MH you would experience intimidated and would nt cognize how to get by. The pupils articulated how their deficiency of experience and cognition on MH was non encouraged through their instruction, this could hold been the ground why the pupils felt unprepared and held this stigma on what they supposed MH was: I do nt believe it was good taught at Uni. They merely focused on one or two facets one or two conditions, than the existent scope that comes under MH. It appeared that the pupil physiotherapists understood before arrangement that they needed to intervention the patients holistically, I ever knew I had to handle the patient as a whole, nevertheless, they did non understand the full extent of this and treated the head and the organic structure as separate entities. From clinical arrangement the participants learnt that you need to look at the head and organic structure as one, one pupil stated that their experiences with MH patients made them understand the importance of MH: Traveling on arrangement truly brought place that MH is every bit of import as physical wellness, people tend to undervalue the head. One pupil recalled on an incident, where they witnessed a patient whose MH position influenced their physical wellness, doing them gain that the head and organic structure are one: One twenty-four hours she decided she could nt experience her legs and could nt walk, all of a sudden she lost all power in her legs it was sort of a head over matter thing The pupils besides came to the realization that their stereotype that all patients with MH jobs are aggressive was non accurate: I ve noticed that if they ve got a MH job it does nt intend they are aggressive. I think you have to retrieve it s a little portion of a bigger image. Discussion 4-5 page Restrictions 1 page Decision Although the pupils had positive and negative experiences of mental wellness patients and that some of the initial beliefs and preconceived thoughts held on their types of behavior, had been realised and proven true, for illustration their belief that mental wellness patients are aggressive and so sing state of affairs whilst on arrangement where this has been the instance. The bulk of the pupils had a positive experience with mental wellness patients where they have learnt that all patients are different, they need to be treated every bit and as an person, you should handle the jobs they present with non their rubric or label and mental wellness is really much so every bit of import as physical wellness. Clinical undergraduate arrangement and face-to-face contact is important in leting pupils to organize their ain sentiments and beliefs on mental wellness and this should be supported and nurtured by instruction which is factual and non stereotyped, in order to bring forth pupils who are unpredjudiced and supply quality attention to their patients.